Policy Archive

Public debate in EU member states can enhance national and EU policy-making on China, but analysis of the 2019 Dutch policy paper on China and the surrounding debate suggests lack of strategic thinking and resolve on the member-state level may undermine cohesion and policy effectiveness on the EU level.

Like Made in China 2025, Germany’s Industry 4.0  is a vision of economic transformation. Unlike the Chinese plan, however, Industry 4.0 was never top-down, and it has prioritized both broad societal participation and cross-European cooperation over visions of national dominance.

China’s grand plan for industrial restructuring caused concern in Europe following its announcement in 2015. Liang Shixin reviews the policy and its development, and notes signs to look for.